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Subject: SPACE Digest V9 #531

SPACE Digest                                      Volume 9 : Issue 531

Today's Topics:
            Soviet manned space missions.
             Re: Apollo benefits summary
NASA selects science experiments for microgravity missions (Forwarded)
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: 29 Jun 89 14:10:06 GMT
From: wrksys.dec.com![e-mail]  (CUP/ASG, MLO5-2/G1 6A, 223-3283)
Subject: Soviet manned space missions.


         In regards to Max Khaytsus' friend's "information" on those
    alleged Soviet manned space mission mishaps, I will compare the
    specific missions he has written in his list with what information
    I have on them from various other sources, mentioned at the end of
    this article.

         VOSTOK 5 was launched from Tyuratam in the Soviet Union on
    June 14, 1963, with cosmonaut Valeri Fyodorovich Bykovsky aboard.
    His flight duration of 4 days, 23 hours, 6 minutes is still the
    official record for the longest solo manned space mission.  Bykovsky
    returned to Earth unharmed and is still alive at this writing.  His
    mission is also noted for making a "rendezvous" (from three miles away)
    with VOSTOK 6, which carried Valentina Tereshkova aboard, the first
    woman in space.  There were no multiple crew space missions until
    the flight of VOSHKOD 1 in 1964, which had three cosmonauts orbit
    Earth for a day and return safely.

         VOSHKOD 3 never got off the proverbial drawing board.  It was
    scheduled to place two cosmonauts in Earth orbit for up to two weeks,
    but the mission was canceled in 1965, and there were no other
    launchings in the VOSHKOD series.  There were plans to place female
    cosmonauts and journalists aboard other VOSHKOD missions, but these
    flights never materialized.

         SOYUZ 1 is noted for having the first space mission fatality
    of a cosmonaut (the U.S. APOLLO 1 accident, which killed three
    astronauts on January 27, 1967, occurred during a test of the
    spacecraft on the ground, so is not considered as an actual space
    mission).  Vladimir Komarov was put into orbit aboard the new SOYUZ
    vehicle on April 23, 1967.  The Soviets, eager to show off their
    first truly new manned space vessel since VOSTOK, rushed the ship
    into orbit before it was completely flight ready.  Komarov had a
    number of problems controlling the craft while in space, including
    his attempts to return to Earth.  When Komarov finally did re-enter
    the atmosphere one day after launching, the parachute designed to
    soften the SOYUZ 1 landing became tangled when deployed, and Komarov
    was killed when the spacecraft impacted with the ground.
         As an interesting side note, Komarov's backup cosmonaut was Yuri
    Gagarin, the first man in space aboard VOSTOK 1 in April of 1961.
    Had Komarov been unable to fly aboard SOYUZ 1, Gagarin would have
    taken his place, thus very likely gaining the distinction of being
    the first man to die in a space mission as well.  Gagarin was killed
    on March 27, 1968, when the plane he was flying crashed.

         SOYUZ 2 was an unmanned spacecraft which was used as a target
    vehicle for rendezvous (and possibly a docking) with SOYUZ 3, commanded
    by Georgi Beregovoi.  Both missions were launched on October 25, 1968.
    SOYUZ 2 was originally intended to be a manned spacecraft, which would
    have docked with the orbiting SOYUZ 1, where a crew transfer via EVA
    (Extra-Vehicular Activity) would have taken place.  When SOYUZ 1
    failed miserably, however, the plans were radically changed.  Both
    SOYUZ 2 and 3 returned to Earth intact and with Beregovoi alive.

         SOYUZ 11 marked a number of firsts in manned spaceflight,
    including the second set of cosmonaut fatalities from a mission.
    SOYUZ 11 was launched on June 9, 1971 with cosmonauts Georgi T.
    Dobrovolsky, Vladislav N. Volkov, and Viktor I. Patsayev (not
    Taisayev) aboard.  The crew docked with the orbiting SALYUT 1 space
    station, the first such station in space history.  The SOYUZ 11 team
    spent 23 days, 18 hours, 21 minutes, and 43 seconds in Earth orbit,
    a record at the time for human space endurance.  The trouble for this
    mission began when they attempted to return home.  When the orbital
    compartment of SOYUZ 11 was broken away from its flight cabin by means
    of explosive bolts (a necessary procedure for a proper re-entry), the
    action shook open an exhaust valve in the cabin, creating an air leak
    which depressurized the craft.  The cosmonauts might have survived
    this accident but for one thing:  None of them wore spacesuits, since
    all three would not have fit in the vehicle otherwise.  They were
    dead by the time SOYUZ 11 touched down on Soviet soil (the landing
    was done automatically), and one observer at the site said the
    crew looked "as if [they were] sleeping."  The craft did not "blow
    up" on re-entry, as stated in Khaytsus' friend's article.

         SOYUZ T-1 was an unmanned test vehicle for the first in a new
    generation of SOYUZ spacecraft.  Launched on December 16, 1979,
    SOYUZ T-1 docked with the orbiting SALYUT 6 space station three
    days later, where it remained before returning to Earth intact on
    March 25, 1980.  The craft did not disappear during its mission.

         I would like to recommend some excellent books on Soviet manned
    space missions, most of which are currently available through most
    mass-market bookstores:

         Clark, Phillip, THE SOVIET MANNED SPACE PROGRAM, Orion Books
    (a division of Crown Publishers, Inc.), New York, 1988.
    ISBN 0-517-56954-X.

         Furniss, Tim, JANE'S MANNED SPACEFLIGHT LOG, Jane's Publishing,
    Inc., New York, 1986.  ISBN 0-7106-0402-5.

         Hart, Douglas, THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOVIET SPACECRAFT, Exeter Books,
    New York, 1987.  ISBN 0-671-08932-3.

         Johnson, Nicholas L., THE SOVIET YEAR IN SPACE 1988, Teledyne Brown
    Engineering, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1989.

         Oberg, James E., UNCOVERING SOVIET DISASTERS: EXPLORING THE LIMITS
    OF GLASNOST, Random House, Inc., New York, 1988.  ISBN 0-394-56095-7.
    See also Oberg's 1981 book, RED STAR IN ORBIT.

         Larry Klaes  [e-mail]
              or - ...!decwrl!renoir.dec.com!klaes
                  or - [e-mail]

               N = R*fgfpneflfifaL

------------------------------

Posted-From: The MITRE Corp., Bedford, MA
X-Alternate-Route: [e-mail]
Cc: [e-mail]
Subject: Re: Apollo benefits summary
Date: Thu, 29 Jun 89 08:51:08 EDT
From: Christopher Byrnes <[e-mail]>

>[statement that first pictures of Earth taken from hundreds of thousands
>of miles away were taken by the crew of Apollo 8 in 1968]
  Weren't the first pictures of Earth as a small ball against the
background of space taken by one of the Lunar Orbiter craft in 1967?  For a
while the CBS news used the photo from Lunar Orbiter 2 of a crescent Earth
rising above the lunar highlands to open the nightly news (a practice
copied by other TV news shows).  Apollo 8 may have had the honor of
returning the first color pictures.

                    Christopher Byrnes

                    [e-mail]
    ...!{att,decvax,genrad,ll-xn,philabs,utzoo}!linus!mbunix!cb.UUCP

------------------------------

Date: 29 Jun 89 19:44:56 GMT
From: trident.arc.nasa.gov![e-mail]  (Peter E. Yee)
Subject: NASA selects science experiments for microgravity missions (Forwarded)

Charles Redmond/Paula Cleggett
Headquarters, Washington, D.C.                      June 29, 1989


RELEASE:  89-105

NASA SELECTS SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS FOR MICROGRAVITY MISSIONS


     NASA's Office of Space Science and Applications, Washington,
D.C., today announced selection of 23 scientific investigations
and their principal investigators for definition studies which
could lead to Space Shuttle flights on microgravity science
missions.  The definition phase is expected to last up to 2 years
prior to the proposed flight for a particular investigator.

     The 23 investigations come from 19 institutions, all within
the United States.  Three of the institutions are NASA centers --
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.; Marshall Space
Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.; and Lewis Research Center,
Cleveland.  Eleven institutions are universities.  Of the 23
investigators selected, 15 were selected for materials science,
five for fluid dynamics experiments and three for biotechnology
investigations.

     The microgravity investigations are in response to the NASA
Announcement of Opportunity for Microgravity Science and
Applications, AO OSSA 4-88.  The announcement requested proposals
to fly aboard Shuttle microgravity missions in two series -- the
U.S. Microgravity Laboratory (USML) and U.S. Microgravity Pallet
(USMP) series and the International Microgravity Laboratory (IML)
series.  There were a total of 89 respondents to the announcement
from which these investigations were selected following peer
review.

     For the USML flight investigations would be using NASA-
supplied facility instruments such as the Crystal Growth Furnace
and the Drop Physics Module.  For the IML and USMP flights, the
investigations would be using facilities such as the Critical
Point Facility and Bubble Drop and Particle Unit developed by the
European Space Agency, the Cryostat developed by Germany and the
MEPHISTO furnace developed by France.  European scientists also
will use the European facilities on IML, based on the selection
procedures of their sponsoring agencies.

     The IML-1 is scheduled for launch in December 1990.  The
USML-1, scheduled for launch in March 1992, would be the first
mission to use the extended duration orbiter.

     The investigators selected, their institutions and locations
and the name of their experiment are listed below by mission:

For USML-1:

Robert E. Apfel, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., Science and
Technology of Surface Controlled Phenomena.

Frederick M. Carlson, Clarkson University, Potsdam, N.Y.,
Directional Solidification of Cadmium Telluride.

Randall M. German, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y.,
Gravitational Role in Liquid Phase Sintering.

Edward R. Gertner, Rockwell International Corporation, Thousand
Oaks, Calif., Cadmium Telluride Microgravity Growth Experiment
Development.

James Kafalas, GTE Laboratories, Inc., Waltham, Mass., Study of
Dopant Segregation Behavior During the Growth of Gallium Arsenide
in Microgravity.

David Larson, Grumman Aerospace Corporation, Bethpage, N.Y.,
Orbital Processing of High-Quality CdTe Compound Semiconductors.

Sandor L. Lehoczky, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville,
Ala., Crystal Growth of Selected II-VI Semiconducting Alloys by
Directional Solidification.

Bruce A. Nerad, 3M Space Research Laboratory, St. Paul, Minn.,
Advanced Chemical Ceramics Microgravity Experiment.

Michael C. Weinberg, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.,
Measurement of Liquid-Liquid Interfacial Tension and the Role of
Gravity in Phase Separation Kinetics of Fluid Glass Melts.

Herbert Wiedemeier, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y.,
Vapor Transport Crystal Growth of Mercury-Cadmium Telluride in
Microgravity.

For IML-1:

Alexander McPherson, University of California, Riverside, Protein
Crystallization Experiments in Cryostat.

R. Allen Wilkinson, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland,
Investigation of the Thermal Equilibration Dynamics of SF6 near
the Liquid-Vapor Critical Point.

For IML-2

Robert J. Bayuzick, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Effects on
Nucleation by Containerless Processing in Low Gravity.

Merton C. Flemings, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Alloy Undercooling Experiments.

Donald O. Frazier, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville,
Ala., Kinetics of Diffusional Droplet Growth in a Liquid/Liquid
Two Phase System.

W. C. Hymer, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Eletrophoretic Separation of Cells and Particles from Rat
Pituitary and Spleen.

William L. Johnson, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,
Metallic Glass Research in Space.

Jean N. Koster, University of Colorado, Boulder, Interfacial
Phenomena in Multilayered Fluid Systems: Steady and Oscillatory
Convection, and g-Jitter and g-Modulation Effects.

Robert S. Snyder, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.,
Electrohydrodynamic Sample Distortion During Eletrophoresis.

R. Shankar Subramanian, Clarkson University, Potsdam, N.Y.,
Thermocapillary Migration and Interactions of Bubbles and Drops.

Julian Szekely, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Measurement of the Viscosity of the Undercooled Melts Under the
Conditions of Microgravity and Supporting MHD Calculations.

For USMP-2

G.J. Abbaschian, University of Florida, Tallahassee, In-Situ
Monitoring of Crystal Growth Using MEPHISTO.

Undetermined Mission

N.B.Singh, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Penn.,
Double Diffusive Convection During Growth of Lead Bromide
Crystals in Space.

------------------------------

End of SPACE Digest V9 #531
*******************